fix(audit): keep personal data and credentials out of audit events

Anonymize the audit events of a deleted user, store only the ID and
name of other users, and drop the metadata copy of actor_email.
Store URLs without query strings, registries without user info, and
the exception class instead of raw SSH errors.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

app/Http/Controllers/Controller.php

@@ -279,7 +279,6 @@ class Controller extends BaseController
             'already_member' => $alreadyMember,
             'member_id' => $user->id,
             'member_name' => $user->name,
-            'member_email' => $user->email,
             'actor_id' => $user->id,
             'actor_name' => $user->name,
             'actor_email' => $user->email,