diff --git a/.ai/lessons.md b/.ai/lessons.md
index b27b690bd8..e596a86c16 100644
--- a/.ai/lessons.md
+++ b/.ai/lessons.md
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 ## Test the real runtime image
 - Deployment shell commands run in the Alpine/BusyBox helper image and pass through the non-root sudo parser. Verify new flags and shell syntax in that image and with `parseCommandsByLineForSudo()`; faked command output hides both failures.
 - Put multi-step remote shell logic in one `sh -c '<script>' sh <args>` line. The non-root parser then only puts sudo in front of it; it rewrites `x=$(...)`, `&&`, `|` and shell keywords in any other line.
+- `Server` has an identity map. Tests that create servers in several dataset cases with `RefreshDatabase` must call `Server::flushIdentityMap()` in `beforeEach`/`afterEach`, or a case reads the cached server of the previous case.
 - Dev QEMU servers from `dev:qemu` are seeded, not validated: they have no `coolify` Docker network, and Alpine has no bash until `InstallPrerequisites` runs.
 
 ## Format only your own files
diff --git a/app/Models/Server.php b/app/Models/Server.php
index 3cc0ea3bbf..768e111c28 100644
--- a/app/Models/Server.php
+++ b/app/Models/Server.php
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ use Spatie\SchemalessAttributes\Casts\SchemalessAttributes;
 use Spatie\SchemalessAttributes\SchemalessAttributesTrait;
 use Spatie\Url\Url;
 use Stevebauman\Purify\Facades\Purify;
+use Symfony\Component\Yaml\Exception\ParseException;
 use Symfony\Component\Yaml\Yaml;
 
 /**
@@ -1060,6 +1061,29 @@ $siteAddress {
         return (bool) data_get($this, 'settings.is_traffic_analytics_enabled', false);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Caddy's `log_append` tags access-log lines with the app UUID for traffic analytics. It needs
+     * Caddy 2.8+, which caddy-docker-proxy ships from 2.9: the 2.8 image (the default before 2.13)
+     * runs Caddy 2.7.6, which rejects the whole Caddyfile. A saved change that is not applied yet may still run the
+     * old image, so it counts as unsupported.
+     */
+    public function caddySupportsLogAppend(): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->proxyType() !== ProxyTypes::CADDY->value || $this->hasPendingProxyConfiguration()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $image = data_get(Yaml::parse((string) $this->proxy->get('last_saved_proxy_configuration')), 'services.caddy.image');
+        } catch (ParseException) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return is_string($image)
+            && preg_match('#(?:^|/)caddy-docker-proxy:(\d+)\.(\d+)#', $image, $version) === 1
+            && [(int) $version[1], (int) $version[2]] >= [2, 9];
+    }
+
     public function isServerApiEnabled(): bool
     {
         return $this->settings->is_sentinel_enabled;
diff --git a/app/Services/ProxyPortParser.php b/app/Services/ProxyPortParser.php
index f6e0dbfc39..3cad67ce6e 100644
--- a/app/Services/ProxyPortParser.php
+++ b/app/Services/ProxyPortParser.php
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ use Symfony\Component\Yaml\Yaml;
 class ProxyPortParser
 {
     /**
+     * Validates the proxy ports like Docker Compose does and returns the fixed host ports.
+     * Ports that Docker publishes to a random host port or to a port range are validated
+     * but not returned: the caller checks each returned port over its own SSH connection.
+     *
      * @return list<int>
      */
     public static function fromConfiguration(string $configuration): array
@@ -37,14 +41,17 @@ class ProxyPortParser
             }
 
             foreach ($configuredPorts as $configuredPort) {
-                $ports[] = self::publishedPort($configuredPort);
+                $publishedPort = self::publishedPort($configuredPort);
+                if ($publishedPort !== null) {
+                    $ports[] = $publishedPort;
+                }
             }
         }
 
         return array_values(array_unique($ports));
     }
 
-    private static function publishedPort(mixed $configuredPort): int
+    private static function publishedPort(mixed $configuredPort): ?int
     {
         if (is_array($configuredPort)) {
             if (array_is_list($configuredPort) || ! array_key_exists('target', $configuredPort)) {
@@ -58,7 +65,7 @@ class ProxyPortParser
             $target = self::portNumber($configuredPort['target']);
 
             return array_key_exists('published', $configuredPort)
-                ? self::portNumber($configuredPort['published'])
+                ? self::portOrRange($configuredPort['published'])
                 : $target;
         }
 
@@ -77,36 +84,54 @@ class ProxyPortParser
             $portDefinition = substr($portDefinition, 0, $protocolSeparator);
         }
 
+        // [HOST_IP:][HOST_PORT:]CONTAINER_PORT, where each port may be a range and an
+        // empty HOST_PORT after a host IP means a random host port.
         if (str_starts_with($portDefinition, '[')) {
-            if (! preg_match('/^\[([^]]+)]:(\d+):(\d+)$/D', $portDefinition, $matches)) {
+            if (! preg_match('/^\[([^]]+)]:([^:]*):([^:]+)$/D', $portDefinition, $matches)) {
                 self::invalid();
             }
-
             self::validateHostIp($matches[1]);
-            self::portNumber($matches[3]);
 
-            return self::portNumber($matches[2]);
+            return self::hostPort($matches[2], $matches[3]);
         }
 
         $parts = explode(':', $portDefinition);
-        if (count($parts) < 1 || count($parts) > 3) {
+        if (count($parts) > 3 || (count($parts) > 1 && $parts[0] === '')) {
             self::invalid();
         }
-
-        if (count($parts) === 3 && $parts[0] === '') {
-            self::invalid();
-        }
-
         if (count($parts) === 3) {
-            self::validateHostIp($parts[0]);
+            self::validateHostIp(array_shift($parts));
         }
 
-        $portParts = count($parts) === 3 ? array_slice($parts, 1) : $parts;
-        foreach ($portParts as $part) {
-            self::portNumber($part);
+        return count($parts) === 1
+            ? self::portOrRange($parts[0])
+            : self::hostPort($parts[0], $parts[1]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fixed host port, or null for a random host port or a port range.
+     */
+    private static function hostPort(string $hostPort, string $containerPort): ?int
+    {
+        self::portOrRange($containerPort);
+
+        return $hostPort === '' ? null : self::portOrRange($hostPort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the port, or null for a valid port range such as 10000-10100.
+     */
+    private static function portOrRange(mixed $value): ?int
+    {
+        if (is_string($value) && preg_match('/^(\d+)-(\d+)$/D', $value, $range)) {
+            if (self::portNumber($range[1]) > self::portNumber($range[2])) {
+                self::invalid();
+            }
+
+            return null;
         }
 
-        return self::portNumber($portParts[0]);
+        return self::portNumber($value);
     }
 
     private static function portNumber(mixed $port): int
@@ -133,7 +158,8 @@ class ProxyPortParser
 
     private static function validateProtocol(mixed $protocol): void
     {
-        if ($protocol !== null && (! is_string($protocol) || ! in_array($protocol, ['tcp', 'udp'], true))) {
+        // Docker Compose accepts the protocol in any letter case.
+        if ($protocol !== null && (! is_string($protocol) || ! in_array(strtolower($protocol), ['tcp', 'udp', 'sctp'], true))) {
             self::invalid();
         }
     }
@@ -147,6 +173,6 @@ class ProxyPortParser
 
     private static function invalid(): never
     {
-        throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Proxy ports must be integers from 1 through 65535.');
+        throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Proxy ports must use Docker Compose port syntax with ports from 1 through 65535.');
     }
 }
diff --git a/bootstrap/helpers/docker.php b/bootstrap/helpers/docker.php
index 6704902f88..898e6d7412 100644
--- a/bootstrap/helpers/docker.php
+++ b/bootstrap/helpers/docker.php
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ function isNoindexDomain(string $domain, ?Collection $noindex_domains): bool
         ->contains(ValidationPatterns::normalizeApplicationDomainUrl($domain));
 }
 
-function fqdnLabelsForCaddy(string $network, string $uuid, Collection $domains, bool $is_force_https_enabled = false, $onlyPort = null, ?Collection $serviceLabels = null, ?bool $is_gzip_enabled = true, ?bool $is_stripprefix_enabled = true, ?string $service_name = null, ?string $image = null, string $redirect_direction = 'both', ?string $predefinedPort = null, bool $is_http_basic_auth_enabled = false, ?string $http_basic_auth_username = null, ?string $http_basic_auth_password = null, ?Collection $noindex_domains = null, bool $is_traffic_analytics_enabled = false, array $domainPortOverrides = [])
+function fqdnLabelsForCaddy(string $network, string $uuid, Collection $domains, bool $is_force_https_enabled = false, $onlyPort = null, ?Collection $serviceLabels = null, ?bool $is_gzip_enabled = true, ?bool $is_stripprefix_enabled = true, ?string $service_name = null, ?string $image = null, string $redirect_direction = 'both', ?string $predefinedPort = null, bool $is_http_basic_auth_enabled = false, ?string $http_basic_auth_username = null, ?string $http_basic_auth_password = null, ?Collection $noindex_domains = null, bool $is_traffic_analytics_enabled = false, array $domainPortOverrides = [], bool $supports_log_append = false)
 {
     $labels = collect([]);
     if ($serviceLabels) {
@@ -621,7 +621,10 @@ function fqdnLabelsForCaddy(string $network, string $uuid, Collection $domains,
             $labels->push("caddy_{$loop}.log.output.roll_keep=5");
             $labels->push("caddy_{$loop}.log.output.roll_keep_for=168h");
             $labels->push("caddy_{$loop}.log.format=json");
-            $labels->push("caddy_{$loop}.log_append=coolify_app_id {$uuid}");
+            // Only Caddy 2.8+ knows log_append; see Server::caddySupportsLogAppend().
+            if ($supports_log_append) {
+                $labels->push("caddy_{$loop}.log_append=coolify_app_id {$uuid}");
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -996,6 +999,7 @@ function generateLabelsApplication(Application $application, ?ApplicationPreview
                             http_basic_auth_password: $application->http_basic_auth_password,
                             noindex_domains: $noindexDomains,
                             is_traffic_analytics_enabled: $application->destination->server->isTrafficAnalyticsEnabled(),
+                            supports_log_append: $application->destination->server->caddySupportsLogAppend(),
                             domainPortOverrides: $application->domain_port_overrides ?? [],
                         ));
                         break;
@@ -1030,6 +1034,7 @@ function generateLabelsApplication(Application $application, ?ApplicationPreview
                     http_basic_auth_password: $application->http_basic_auth_password,
                     noindex_domains: $noindexDomains,
                     is_traffic_analytics_enabled: $application->destination->server->isTrafficAnalyticsEnabled(),
+                    supports_log_append: $application->destination->server->caddySupportsLogAppend(),
                     domainPortOverrides: $application->domain_port_overrides ?? [],
                 ));
             }
@@ -1075,6 +1080,7 @@ function generateLabelsApplication(Application $application, ?ApplicationPreview
                         http_basic_auth_password: $application->http_basic_auth_password,
                         noindex_domains: $noindexDomains,
                         is_traffic_analytics_enabled: $application->destination->server->isTrafficAnalyticsEnabled(),
+                        supports_log_append: $application->destination->server->caddySupportsLogAppend(),
                         domainPortOverrides: $preview->domain_port_overrides ?? [],
                     ));
                     break;
@@ -1107,6 +1113,7 @@ function generateLabelsApplication(Application $application, ?ApplicationPreview
                 http_basic_auth_password: $application->http_basic_auth_password,
                 noindex_domains: $noindexDomains,
                 is_traffic_analytics_enabled: $application->destination->server->isTrafficAnalyticsEnabled(),
+                supports_log_append: $application->destination->server->caddySupportsLogAppend(),
                 domainPortOverrides: $preview->domain_port_overrides ?? [],
             ));
         }
diff --git a/bootstrap/helpers/proxy.php b/bootstrap/helpers/proxy.php
index 99452c888c..68a2c93a15 100644
--- a/bootstrap/helpers/proxy.php
+++ b/bootstrap/helpers/proxy.php
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ function generateDefaultProxyConfiguration(Server $server, array $custom_command
             'services' => [
                 'caddy' => [
                     'container_name' => 'coolify-proxy',
-                    'image' => 'lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.8-alpine',
+                    'image' => 'lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.13-alpine',
                     'restart' => RESTART_MODE,
                     'extra_hosts' => [
                         'host.docker.internal:host-gateway',
diff --git a/bootstrap/helpers/sudo.php b/bootstrap/helpers/sudo.php
index 1622bbac99..25ab683b4e 100644
--- a/bootstrap/helpers/sudo.php
+++ b/bootstrap/helpers/sudo.php
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ function shouldChangeOwnership(string $path): bool
 
     return $isCoolifyPath;
 }
+/**
+ * Gives the SSH user the Coolify-created (root-owned) files in a directory and closes the
+ * directory to other users. Files that belong to container users (such as a database data
+ * folder) and the modes of mounted files stay as they are, so containers can still read them.
+ */
+function ownershipCommand(string $path, Server $server): string
+{
+    return "find $path -user root -exec chown $server->user:$server->user {} + && chmod o-rwx $path";
+}
+
 function parseCommandsByLineForSudo(Collection $commands, Server $server): array
 {
     $commands = $commands->map(function ($line) {
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ function parseCommandsByLineForSudo(Collection $commands, Server $server): array
             $path = trim(Str::after($line, 'sudo mkdir -p'));
             if (shouldChangeOwnership($path)) {
                 // No sudo here: the && rule below adds it. `sudo sudo` fails where root is not in sudoers (Alpine).
-                return "$line && chown -R $server->user:$server->user $path && chmod -R o-rwx $path";
+                return "$line && ".ownershipCommand($path, $server);
             }
 
             return $line;
@@ -143,7 +153,7 @@ function parseLineForSudo(string $command, Server $server): string
         $path = trim(Str::after($command, 'sudo mkdir -p'));
         if (shouldChangeOwnership($path)) {
             // No sudo here: the && rule below adds it.
-            $command = "$command && chown -R $server->user:$server->user $path && chmod -R o-rwx $path";
+            $command = "$command && ".ownershipCommand($path, $server);
         }
     }
     if (str($command)->contains('$(') || str($command)->contains('`')) {
diff --git a/tests/Feature/Api/ServerProxyApiTest.php b/tests/Feature/Api/ServerProxyApiTest.php
index 85272dd9b5..8ba56290bd 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/Api/ServerProxyApiTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/Api/ServerProxyApiTest.php
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ test('PUT /api/v1/servers/{uuid}/proxy/configuration rejects command injection w
             'configuration' => base64_encode($configuration),
         ])
         ->assertUnprocessable()
-        ->assertJsonPath('errors.configuration.0', 'Proxy ports must be integers from 1 through 65535.');
+        ->assertJsonPath('errors.configuration.0', 'Proxy ports must use Docker Compose port syntax with ports from 1 through 65535.');
 
     expect($this->server->fresh()->proxy->toArray())->toBe($originalProxy);
 });
diff --git a/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyLogAppendSupportTest.php b/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyLogAppendSupportTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c5ce6bb14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyLogAppendSupportTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?php
+
+use App\Enums\ProxyTypes;
+use App\Models\Application;
+use App\Models\Environment;
+use App\Models\Project;
+use App\Models\Server;
+use App\Models\StandaloneDocker;
+use App\Models\Team;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
+
+uses(RefreshDatabase::class);
+
+beforeEach(fn () => Server::flushIdentityMap());
+
+afterEach(fn () => Server::flushIdentityMap());
+
+function caddyProxy(?string $image, array $overrides = []): array
+{
+    return array_merge([
+        'type' => ProxyTypes::CADDY->value,
+        'status' => 'running',
+        'last_saved_settings' => 'applied',
+        'last_applied_settings' => 'applied',
+        'last_saved_proxy_configuration' => $image === null ? null : "services:\n  caddy:\n    image: '{$image}'\n",
+    ], $overrides);
+}
+
+it('uses log_append only when the saved Caddy image supports it', function (?string $image, bool $expected) {
+    $server = Server::factory()->make(['proxy' => caddyProxy($image)]);
+
+    expect($server->caddySupportsLogAppend())->toBe($expected);
+})->with([
+    'default caddy-docker-proxy 2.8 (Caddy 2.7.6)' => ['lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.8-alpine', false],
+    'caddy-docker-proxy 2.9' => ['lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.9-alpine', true],
+    'caddy-docker-proxy 2.10' => ['lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.10', true],
+    'caddy-docker-proxy with a patch version' => ['docker.io/lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.11.4-alpine', true],
+    'caddy-docker-proxy 3.0' => ['lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:3.0', true],
+    'unknown version tag' => ['lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:latest', false],
+    'other image' => ['caddy:2.11', false],
+    'no saved configuration' => [null, false],
+]);
+
+it('does not use log_append while a saved proxy change is not applied yet', function () {
+    $server = Server::factory()->make(['proxy' => caddyProxy('lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.11-alpine', ['last_saved_settings' => 'new'])]);
+
+    expect($server->caddySupportsLogAppend())->toBeFalse();
+});
+
+it('does not use log_append for invalid YAML or other proxies', function () {
+    $invalid = Server::factory()->make(['proxy' => caddyProxy(null, ['last_saved_proxy_configuration' => "services: [\n"])]);
+    $traefik = Server::factory()->make(['proxy' => caddyProxy('lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.11-alpine', ['type' => ProxyTypes::TRAEFIK->value])]);
+
+    expect($invalid->caddySupportsLogAppend())->toBeFalse()
+        ->and($traefik->caddySupportsLogAppend())->toBeFalse();
+});
+
+it('adds log_append to application labels only when the server Caddy supports it', function (string $image, bool $expected) {
+    $team = Team::factory()->create();
+    $environment = Environment::factory()->create(['project_id' => Project::factory()->create(['team_id' => $team->id])->id]);
+    $server = Server::factory()->create(['team_id' => $team->id, 'proxy' => caddyProxy($image)]);
+    $server->settings->update(['is_traffic_analytics_enabled' => true]);
+    $destination = StandaloneDocker::query()->where('server_id', $server->id)->firstOrFail();
+    $application = Application::factory()->createOne([
+        'environment_id' => $environment->id,
+        'destination_id' => $destination->id,
+        'destination_type' => $destination->getMorphClass(),
+        'fqdn' => 'https://example.com',
+    ]);
+
+    $labels = collect(generateLabelsApplication($application->fresh()));
+
+    expect($labels->contains(fn (string $label) => str_contains($label, 'log_append=coolify_app_id')))->toBe($expected)
+        ->and($labels->contains(fn (string $label) => str_ends_with($label, 'log.output=file /traffic/access.log')))->toBeTrue();
+})->with([
+    'caddy-docker-proxy 2.8' => ['lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.8-alpine', false],
+    'caddy-docker-proxy 2.11' => ['lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.11-alpine', true],
+]);
diff --git a/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyProxyVolumeTest.php b/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyProxyVolumeTest.php
index 8ae029cb63..3ee07caa73 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyProxyVolumeTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyProxyVolumeTest.php
@@ -46,3 +46,15 @@ it('mounts the traffic volume for caddy when traffic analytics is enabled', func
     expect($config['services']['caddy']['volumes'])
         ->toContain($server->proxyPath().':/traffic');
 });
+
+it('uses a default caddy image that supports per-app traffic attribution', function () {
+    $server = Server::factory()->create(['team_id' => $this->team->id, 'private_key_id' => $this->privateKey->id]);
+    $server->proxy->set('type', 'CADDY');
+    $server->save();
+
+    $config = Yaml::parse(generateDefaultProxyConfiguration($server->fresh()));
+
+    // caddy-docker-proxy 2.13 ships Caddy 2.11, which knows log_append; the old 2.8 default shipped Caddy 2.7.6.
+    expect($config['services']['caddy']['image'])->toBe('lucaslorentz/caddy-docker-proxy:2.13-alpine')
+        ->and($server->fresh()->caddySupportsLogAppend())->toBeTrue();
+});
diff --git a/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyTrafficLabelsTest.php b/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyTrafficLabelsTest.php
index e5a8c3dc24..30c350e46f 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyTrafficLabelsTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/TrafficAnalytics/CaddyTrafficLabelsTest.php
@@ -6,12 +6,20 @@ it('adds no traffic labels to caddy sites when disabled', function () {
 });
 
 it('stamps coolify_app_id and JSON access log on each caddy site when enabled', function () {
-    $labels = fqdnLabelsForCaddy('coolify', 'app-uuid', collect(['https://example.com']), is_traffic_analytics_enabled: true);
+    $labels = fqdnLabelsForCaddy('coolify', 'app-uuid', collect(['https://example.com']), is_traffic_analytics_enabled: true, supports_log_append: true);
     expect($labels->contains('caddy_0.log_append=coolify_app_id app-uuid'))->toBeTrue();
     expect($labels->contains('caddy_0.log.output=file /traffic/access.log'))->toBeTrue();
     expect($labels->contains('caddy_0.log.format=json'))->toBeTrue();
 });
 
+it('keeps the JSON access log but omits log_append when caddy does not support it', function () {
+    // caddy-docker-proxy 2.8 runs Caddy 2.7.6, which rejects the whole Caddyfile for log_append.
+    $labels = fqdnLabelsForCaddy('coolify', 'app-uuid', collect(['https://example.com']), is_traffic_analytics_enabled: true);
+    expect($labels->filter(fn ($l) => str_contains($l, 'log_append'))->isEmpty())->toBeTrue();
+    expect($labels->contains('caddy_0.log.output=file /traffic/access.log'))->toBeTrue();
+    expect($labels->contains('caddy_0.log.format=json'))->toBeTrue();
+});
+
 it('emits lumberjack roll directives on each caddy site when enabled', function () {
     $labels = fqdnLabelsForCaddy('coolify', 'app-uuid', collect(['https://example.com']), is_traffic_analytics_enabled: true);
     expect($labels->contains('caddy_0.log.output.roll_size=20MiB'))->toBeTrue();
diff --git a/tests/Unit/ParseCommandsByLineForSudoTest.php b/tests/Unit/ParseCommandsByLineForSudoTest.php
index b80cb71812..55deb7b12d 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/ParseCommandsByLineForSudoTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/ParseCommandsByLineForSudoTest.php
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ test('adds ownership changes for Coolify data paths', function () {
 
     $result = parseCommandsByLineForSudo($commands, $this->server);
 
-    expect($result[0])->toBe('sudo mkdir -p /data/coolify/logs && sudo chown -R ubuntu:ubuntu /data/coolify/logs && sudo chmod -R o-rwx /data/coolify/logs');
+    expect($result[0])->toBe('sudo mkdir -p /data/coolify/logs && sudo find /data/coolify/logs -user root -exec chown ubuntu:ubuntu {} + && sudo chmod o-rwx /data/coolify/logs');
 });
 
 test('adds ownership changes for Coolify tmp paths', function () {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ test('adds ownership changes for Coolify tmp paths', function () {
 
     $result = parseCommandsByLineForSudo($commands, $this->server);
 
-    expect($result[0])->toBe('sudo mkdir -p /tmp/coolify/cache && sudo chown -R ubuntu:ubuntu /tmp/coolify/cache && sudo chmod -R o-rwx /tmp/coolify/cache');
+    expect($result[0])->toBe('sudo mkdir -p /tmp/coolify/cache && sudo find /tmp/coolify/cache -user root -exec chown ubuntu:ubuntu {} + && sudo chmod o-rwx /tmp/coolify/cache');
 });
 
 test('ownership changes work where root may not use sudo', function (string $parser) {
@@ -310,7 +310,47 @@ test('ownership changes work where root may not use sudo', function (string $par
         ->and($process->getErrorOutput())->toBe('')
         ->and($process->isSuccessful())->toBeTrue()
         ->and(is_dir($path))->toBeTrue()
-        ->and(file_get_contents("{$directory}/log"))->toBe("chown -R ubuntu:ubuntu {$path}\nchmod -R o-rwx {$path}\n");
+        ->and(file_get_contents("{$directory}/log"))->toContain("chmod o-rwx {$path}\n");
+
+    (new Process(['rm', '-rf', $directory, $path]))->run();
+})->with(['command list', 'deployment line']);
+
+test('ownership changes keep container-owned files and file modes', function (string $parser) {
+    if (posix_geteuid() !== 0 || posix_getpwnam('daemon') === false) {
+        $this->markTestSkipped('Needs root and a daemon user to change file owners.');
+    }
+    $directory = sys_get_temp_dir().'/coolify-sudo-'.bin2hex(random_bytes(4));
+    mkdir($directory);
+    file_put_contents("{$directory}/sudo", "#!/bin/sh\nexec \"\$@\"\n");
+    chmod("{$directory}/sudo", 0755);
+    $path = '/tmp/coolify/ownership-test-'.bin2hex(random_bytes(4));
+    // A file mount that Coolify wrote with sudo, and a database folder that belongs to the container user.
+    mkdir("{$path}/pgdata", 0700, true);
+    file_put_contents("{$path}/index.html", 'mounted');
+    chmod("{$path}/index.html", 0644);
+    file_put_contents("{$path}/pgdata/PG_VERSION", '17');
+    chmod("{$path}/pgdata/PG_VERSION", 0600);
+    chown("{$path}/pgdata", 999);
+    chown("{$path}/pgdata/PG_VERSION", 999);
+
+    $server = Mockery::mock(Server::class)->makePartial();
+    $server->shouldReceive('getAttribute')->with('user')->andReturn('daemon');
+    $server->shouldReceive('setAttribute')->andReturnSelf();
+    $command = $parser === 'command list'
+        ? parseCommandsByLineForSudo(collect(["mkdir -p {$path}"]), $server)[0]
+        : parseLineForSudo("mkdir -p {$path}", $server);
+    $process = new Process(['/bin/sh', '-c', $command], env: ['PATH' => "{$directory}:".getenv('PATH')]);
+    $process->run();
+    clearstatcache();
+
+    expect($process->getErrorOutput())->toBe('')
+        ->and(fileowner($path))->toBe(1)
+        ->and(fileperms($path) & 0007)->toBe(0)
+        ->and(fileowner("{$path}/index.html"))->toBe(1)
+        ->and(fileperms("{$path}/index.html") & 0777)->toBe(0644)
+        ->and(fileowner("{$path}/pgdata"))->toBe(999)
+        ->and(fileowner("{$path}/pgdata/PG_VERSION"))->toBe(999)
+        ->and(fileperms("{$path}/pgdata/PG_VERSION") & 0777)->toBe(0600);
 
     (new Process(['rm', '-rf', $directory, $path]))->run();
 })->with(['command list', 'deployment line']);
diff --git a/tests/Unit/ProxyPortValidationTest.php b/tests/Unit/ProxyPortValidationTest.php
index f03c7dd640..1275f181ab 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/ProxyPortValidationTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/ProxyPortValidationTest.php
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ it('extracts normalized published proxy ports from valid compose syntax', functi
     'caddy long syntax' => ["services:\n  caddy:\n    ports:\n      - target: 80\n        published: '8080'\n        protocol: tcp\n      - target: 443\n", [8080, 443]],
     'both supported proxies' => ["services:\n  traefik:\n    ports: ['80:80']\n  caddy:\n    ports: ['443:443/udp']\n", [80, 443]],
     'range boundaries' => ["services:\n  traefik:\n    ports: ['1:1', '65535:65535']\n", [1, 65535]],
+    'port ranges are accepted but not checked one by one' => ["services:\n  traefik:\n    ports: ['80:80', '10000-10100:10000-10100/udp', '127.0.0.1:5000-5010:5000-5010', '3000-3005', '8000-8010:80']\n", [80]],
+    'protocols in any letter case' => ["services:\n  traefik:\n    ports: ['53:53/UDP', '9000:9000/TCP', '5432:5432/sctp']\n", [53, 9000, 5432]],
+    'random host port' => ["services:\n  traefik:\n    ports: ['127.0.0.1::5000', '[::1]::6000']\n", []],
+    'IPv6 host with a range' => ["services:\n  traefik:\n    ports: ['[::1]:6000-6001:6000-6001']\n", []],
+    'long syntax with a published range' => ["services:\n  caddy:\n    ports:\n      - target: 443\n        published: '8443-8444'\n        protocol: UDP\n", []],
 ]);
 
 it('rejects malformed proxy port values', function (mixed $port) {
@@ -41,7 +46,13 @@ it('rejects malformed proxy port values', function (mixed $port) {
     'nested sequence' => [['80']],
     'nested map' => [['target' => ['80']]],
     'invalid protocol' => '80:80/http',
+    'empty protocol' => '80:80/',
     'host injection' => '`id`:8080:80',
+    'reversed range' => '10-5:10-5',
+    'range above the limit' => '65535-65536:1-2',
+    'range with command substitution' => '80-$(id):80',
+    'open range' => '80-:80',
+    'empty host port without a host IP' => ':80',
 ]);
 
 it('rejects malformed proxy ports in long compose syntax', function (array $port) {
@@ -55,6 +66,7 @@ it('rejects malformed proxy ports in long compose syntax', function (array $port
     'invalid published type' => [['target' => 80, 'published' => true]],
     'missing target' => [['published' => 8080]],
     'invalid protocol' => [['target' => 80, 'published' => 8080, 'protocol' => 'http']],
+    'reversed published range' => [['target' => 80, 'published' => '90-80']],
     'host injection' => [['target' => 80, 'published' => 8080, 'host_ip' => '$(id)']],
 ]);