diff --git a/src/utils/status.test.ts b/src/utils/status.test.ts
index f8786b504..ed8b4d286 100644
--- a/src/utils/status.test.ts
+++ b/src/utils/status.test.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ function restoreEnv(): void {
 async function readPropertyValue(
   label: string,
   provider:
+    | 'firstParty'
+    | 'bedrock'
+    | 'vertex'
+    | 'foundry'
     | 'openai'
     | 'codex'
     | 'nvidia-nim'
@@ -45,6 +49,31 @@ async function readPropertyValue(
     ?.value
 }
 
+async function readAPIProviderProperties(
+  provider:
+    | 'firstParty'
+    | 'bedrock'
+    | 'vertex'
+    | 'foundry'
+    | 'openai'
+    | 'gemini'
+    | 'mistral',
+) {
+  mock.restore()
+  mock.module('./model/providers.js', () => ({
+    getAPIProvider: () => provider,
+    getAPIProviderForStatsig: () => provider,
+    isFirstPartyAnthropicBaseUrl: () => true,
+    isGithubNativeAnthropicMode: () => false,
+  }))
+  mock.module('./mtls.js', () => ({
+    getMTLSConfig: () => undefined,
+  }))
+  const nonce = `${Date.now()}-${Math.random()}`
+  const { buildAPIProviderProperties } = await import(`./status.js?ts=${nonce}`)
+  return buildAPIProviderProperties()
+}
+
 beforeEach(async () => {
   await acquireSharedMutationLock('utils/status.test.ts')
 })
@@ -108,3 +137,176 @@ test('buildAPIProviderProperties redacts credentials in OpenAI-compatible base U
     'https://redacted:redacted@example.com/v1?api_key=redacted&model=qwen',
   )
 })
+
+test('buildAPIProviderProperties redacts token-bearing OpenAI-compatible base URLs', async () => {
+  process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_USE_OPENAI = '1'
+  process.env.OPENAI_BASE_URL =
+    'https://api.example.test/v1?token=OPENAI_LEAK&mode=test#access_token=fragment-leak'
+
+  const properties = await readAPIProviderProperties('openai')
+  const value = properties.find(property => property.label === 'OpenAI base URL')
+    ?.value
+
+  expect(value).toBe('https://api.example.test/v1?token=redacted&mode=test')
+  const serialized = JSON.stringify(properties)
+  expect(serialized).not.toContain('OPENAI_LEAK')
+  expect(serialized).not.toContain('fragment-leak')
+})
+
+test('buildAPIProviderProperties redacts token-bearing Gemini base URLs', async () => {
+  process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_USE_GEMINI = '1'
+  process.env.GEMINI_BASE_URL =
+    'https://gemini.example.test/v1?api_key=GEMINI_LEAK&mode=test#secret=fragment-leak'
+
+  const properties = await readAPIProviderProperties('gemini')
+  const value = properties.find(property => property.label === 'Gemini base URL')
+    ?.value
+
+  expect(value).toBe('https://gemini.example.test/v1?api_key=redacted&mode=test')
+  const serialized = JSON.stringify(properties)
+  expect(serialized).not.toContain('GEMINI_LEAK')
+  expect(serialized).not.toContain('fragment-leak')
+})
+
+test('buildAPIProviderProperties redacts token-bearing direct provider base URLs', async () => {
+  const cases = [
+    {
+      provider: 'firstParty' as const,
+      env: 'ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL',
+      label: 'Anthropic base URL',
+    },
+    {
+      provider: 'bedrock' as const,
+      env: 'BEDROCK_BASE_URL',
+      label: 'Bedrock base URL',
+    },
+    {
+      provider: 'vertex' as const,
+      env: 'VERTEX_BASE_URL',
+      label: 'Vertex base URL',
+    },
+    {
+      provider: 'foundry' as const,
+      env: 'ANTHROPIC_FOUNDRY_BASE_URL',
+      label: 'Microsoft Foundry base URL',
+    },
+    {
+      provider: 'mistral' as const,
+      env: 'MISTRAL_BASE_URL',
+      label: 'Mistral base URL',
+    },
+  ]
+
+  for (const { provider, env, label } of cases) {
+    restoreEnv()
+    const host = provider.toLowerCase()
+    process.env[env] =
+      `https://${host}.example.test/v1?authorization=${provider}-leak&mode=test#token=fragment-leak`
+
+    const properties = await readAPIProviderProperties(provider)
+    const value = properties.find(property => property.label === label)?.value
+
+    expect(value).toBe(
+      `https://${host}.example.test/v1?authorization=redacted&mode=test`,
+    )
+    const serialized = JSON.stringify(properties)
+    expect(serialized).not.toContain(`${provider}-leak`)
+    expect(serialized).not.toContain('fragment-leak')
+  }
+})
+
+test('buildAPIProviderProperties redacts proxy credentials and mTLS paths', async () => {
+  const home = '/home/openclaude-status-test'
+  process.env.HOME = home
+  process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_USE_OPENAI = '1'
+  delete process.env.http_proxy
+  delete process.env.https_proxy
+  delete process.env.HTTP_PROXY
+  process.env.HTTPS_PROXY = 'https://alice:secret@proxy.example.com:8080'
+  process.env.NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS = `${home}/.config/ca-bundle.crt`
+  process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_CLIENT_CERT = `${home}/.config/client.crt`
+  process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_CLIENT_KEY = `${home}/.config/client.key`
+
+  mock.restore()
+  mock.module('./model/providers.js', () => ({
+    getAPIProvider: () => 'openai',
+    getAPIProviderForStatsig: () => 'openai',
+    isFirstPartyAnthropicBaseUrl: () => true,
+    isGithubNativeAnthropicMode: () => false,
+  }))
+  // getProxyUrl accepts env directly (not memoized), so no stub needed.
+  mock.module('./mtls.js', () => ({
+    getMTLSConfig: () => ({
+      cert: 'loaded-cert',
+      key: 'loaded-key',
+    }),
+  }))
+
+  const nonce = `${Date.now()}-${Math.random()}`
+  const { buildAPIProviderProperties } = await import(`./status.js?ts=${nonce}`)
+  const properties = buildAPIProviderProperties()
+  const byLabel = (label: string): unknown =>
+    properties.find(property => property.label === label)?.value
+
+  // Proxy URL is fully redacted: no username, no password.
+  expect(byLabel('Proxy')).toBe(
+    'https://redacted:redacted@proxy.example.com:8080/',
+  )
+
+  // CA cert path: home directory shortened to ~.
+  expect(byLabel('Additional CA cert(s)')).toBe('~/.config/ca-bundle.crt')
+
+  // mTLS cert path: home directory shortened to ~.
+  expect(byLabel('mTLS client cert')).toBe('~/.config/client.crt')
+
+  // mTLS client key: never reveal the private key path.
+  expect(byLabel('mTLS client key')).toBe('configured')
+
+  // No raw secrets leak into any property value. Cover every home-directory
+  // source redactPathForStatus consults (HOME, USERPROFILE, os.homedir()).
+  const serialized = JSON.stringify(properties)
+  expect(serialized).not.toContain('alice')
+  expect(serialized).not.toContain('secret')
+  const homeCandidates = [
+    process.env.HOME,
+    process.env.USERPROFILE,
+  ].filter((v): v is string => Boolean(v))
+  for (const candidate of homeCandidates) {
+    expect(serialized).not.toContain(candidate)
+  }
+})
+
+test('buildAPIProviderProperties redacts proxy credentials from lowercase https_proxy', async () => {
+  // getProxyUrl() prefers the lowercase variant. Confirm the redaction path
+  // covers it — both env spellings flow through the same redactUrlForStatus.
+  process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_USE_OPENAI = '1'
+  delete process.env.http_proxy
+  delete process.env.HTTPS_PROXY
+  delete process.env.HTTP_PROXY
+  process.env.https_proxy = 'https://bob:hunter2@proxy.example.com:9090'
+
+  mock.restore()
+  mock.module('./model/providers.js', () => ({
+    getAPIProvider: () => 'openai',
+    getAPIProviderForStatsig: () => 'openai',
+    isFirstPartyAnthropicBaseUrl: () => true,
+    isGithubNativeAnthropicMode: () => false,
+  }))
+  mock.module('./mtls.js', () => ({
+    getMTLSConfig: () => undefined,
+  }))
+
+  const nonce = `${Date.now()}-${Math.random()}`
+  const { buildAPIProviderProperties } = await import(`./status.js?ts=${nonce}`)
+  const properties = buildAPIProviderProperties()
+  const byLabel = (label: string): unknown =>
+    properties.find(property => property.label === label)?.value
+
+  expect(byLabel('Proxy')).toBe(
+    'https://redacted:redacted@proxy.example.com:9090/',
+  )
+
+  const serialized = JSON.stringify(properties)
+  expect(serialized).not.toContain('bob')
+  expect(serialized).not.toContain('hunter2')
+})
diff --git a/src/utils/status.tsx b/src/utils/status.tsx
index ed1cde429..11d720879 100644
--- a/src/utils/status.tsx
+++ b/src/utils/status.tsx
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import { getEnabledSettingSources, getSettingSourceDisplayNameCapitalized } from
 import { getManagedFileSettingsPresence, getPolicySettingsOrigin, getSettingsForSource } from './settings/settings.js';
 import type { ThemeName } from './theme.js';
 import { getKnownProviderSecretEnvKeys, redactSecretValueForDisplay, type SecretValueSource } from './providerSecrets.js';
-import { redactUrlForDisplay } from './urlRedaction.js';
+import { redactPathForStatus, redactUrlForStatus } from './statusRedaction.js';
 export type Property = {
   label?: string;
   value: React.ReactNode | Array<string>;
@@ -115,8 +115,7 @@ function pushRedactedProperty(
     value: redactSecretValueForDisplay(value, secretSource) ?? value
   });
 }
-
-function pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(
+function pushRedactedUrlProperty(
   properties: Property[],
   label: string,
   value: string | undefined,
@@ -126,12 +125,11 @@ function pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(
     return;
   }
 
-  pushRedactedProperty(
-    properties,
+  const redactedUrl = redactUrlForStatus(value);
+  properties.push({
     label,
-    redactUrlForDisplay(value),
-    secretSource,
-  );
+    value: redactSecretValueForDisplay(redactedUrl, secretSource) ?? redactedUrl
+  });
 }
 export function buildSandboxProperties(): Property[] {
   if (process.env.USER_TYPE !== 'ant') {
@@ -363,15 +361,19 @@ export function buildAPIProviderProperties(): Property[] {
     });
   }
   if (apiProvider === 'firstParty') {
-    const anthropicBaseUrl = process.env.ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL;
-    if (anthropicBaseUrl) {
-      pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(properties, 'Anthropic base URL', anthropicBaseUrl, secretSource);
-    }
+    pushRedactedUrlProperty(
+      properties,
+      'Anthropic base URL',
+      process.env.ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL,
+      secretSource,
+    );
   } else if (apiProvider === 'bedrock') {
-    const bedrockBaseUrl = process.env.BEDROCK_BASE_URL;
-    if (bedrockBaseUrl) {
-      pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(properties, 'Bedrock base URL', bedrockBaseUrl, secretSource);
-    }
+    pushRedactedUrlProperty(
+      properties,
+      'Bedrock base URL',
+      process.env.BEDROCK_BASE_URL,
+      secretSource,
+    );
     properties.push({
       label: 'AWS region',
       value: getAWSRegion()
@@ -382,10 +384,12 @@ export function buildAPIProviderProperties(): Property[] {
       });
     }
   } else if (apiProvider === 'vertex') {
-    const vertexBaseUrl = process.env.VERTEX_BASE_URL;
-    if (vertexBaseUrl) {
-      pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(properties, 'Vertex base URL', vertexBaseUrl, secretSource);
-    }
+    pushRedactedUrlProperty(
+      properties,
+      'Vertex base URL',
+      process.env.VERTEX_BASE_URL,
+      secretSource,
+    );
     const gcpProject = process.env.ANTHROPIC_VERTEX_PROJECT_ID;
     if (gcpProject) {
       properties.push({
@@ -403,10 +407,12 @@ export function buildAPIProviderProperties(): Property[] {
       });
     }
   } else if (apiProvider === 'foundry') {
-    const foundryBaseUrl = process.env.ANTHROPIC_FOUNDRY_BASE_URL;
-    if (foundryBaseUrl) {
-      pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(properties, 'Microsoft Foundry base URL', foundryBaseUrl, secretSource);
-    }
+    pushRedactedUrlProperty(
+      properties,
+      'Microsoft Foundry base URL',
+      process.env.ANTHROPIC_FOUNDRY_BASE_URL,
+      secretSource,
+    );
     const foundryResource = process.env.ANTHROPIC_FOUNDRY_RESOURCE;
     if (foundryResource) {
       properties.push({
@@ -422,7 +428,7 @@ export function buildAPIProviderProperties(): Property[] {
   } else if (apiProvider in OPENAI_COMPATIBLE_STATUS_METADATA) {
     const metadata =
       OPENAI_COMPATIBLE_STATUS_METADATA[apiProvider]!;
-    pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(
+    pushRedactedUrlProperty(
       properties,
       metadata.baseUrlLabel,
       process.env.OPENAI_BASE_URL,
@@ -443,40 +449,35 @@ export function buildAPIProviderProperties(): Property[] {
     }
   } else if (apiProvider === 'gemini') {
     const geminiBaseUrl = process.env.GEMINI_BASE_URL;
-    pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(properties, 'Gemini base URL', geminiBaseUrl, secretSource);
+    pushRedactedUrlProperty(properties, 'Gemini base URL', geminiBaseUrl, secretSource);
     const geminiModel = process.env.GEMINI_MODEL;
     pushRedactedProperty(properties, 'Model', geminiModel, secretSource);
   } else if (apiProvider === 'mistral') {
     const mistralBaseUrl = process.env.MISTRAL_BASE_URL;
-    pushRedactedBaseUrlProperty(properties, 'Mistral base URL', mistralBaseUrl, secretSource);
+    pushRedactedUrlProperty(properties, 'Mistral base URL', mistralBaseUrl, secretSource);
     const mistralModel = process.env.MISTRAL_MODEL;
     pushRedactedProperty(properties, 'Model', mistralModel, secretSource);
   }
   const proxyUrl = getProxyUrl();
-  if (proxyUrl) {
-    properties.push({
-      label: 'Proxy',
-      value: proxyUrl
-    });
-  }
+  pushRedactedUrlProperty(properties, 'Proxy', proxyUrl, secretSource);
   const mtlsConfig = getMTLSConfig();
   if (process.env.NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS) {
     properties.push({
       label: 'Additional CA cert(s)',
-      value: process.env.NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS
+      value: redactPathForStatus(process.env.NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS)
     });
   }
   if (mtlsConfig) {
     if (mtlsConfig.cert && process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_CLIENT_CERT) {
       properties.push({
         label: 'mTLS client cert',
-        value: process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_CLIENT_CERT
+        value: redactPathForStatus(process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_CLIENT_CERT)
       });
     }
     if (mtlsConfig.key && process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_CLIENT_KEY) {
       properties.push({
         label: 'mTLS client key',
-        value: process.env.CLAUDE_CODE_CLIENT_KEY
+        value: 'configured'
       });
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/utils/statusRedaction.test.ts b/src/utils/statusRedaction.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..603ee556d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/statusRedaction.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+import { homedir } from 'os'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, test } from 'bun:test'
+
+import {
+  acquireSharedMutationLock,
+  releaseSharedMutationLock,
+} from '../test/sharedMutationLock.js'
+import { redactPathForStatus, redactUrlForStatus } from './statusRedaction.ts'
+
+const REAL_HOMEDIR = homedir()
+const ORIGINAL_HOME = process.env.HOME
+const ORIGINAL_USERPROFILE = process.env.USERPROFILE
+
+function restoreEnvValue(key: 'HOME' | 'USERPROFILE', value: string | undefined): void {
+  if (value === undefined) {
+    delete process.env[key]
+  } else {
+    process.env[key] = value
+  }
+}
+
+describe('redactUrlForStatus', () => {
+  test('redacts username and password in proxy URLs', () => {
+    const redacted = redactUrlForStatus(
+      'https://alice:secret@proxy.example.com:8080',
+    )
+
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('alice')
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('secret')
+    expect(redacted).toBe(
+      'https://redacted:redacted@proxy.example.com:8080/',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('redacts token-like query parameters', () => {
+    const redacted = redactUrlForStatus(
+      'https://proxy.example.com:8080?token=abc123',
+    )
+
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('abc123')
+    expect(redacted).toBe('https://proxy.example.com:8080/?token=redacted')
+  })
+
+  test('redacts password-only credentials', () => {
+    const redacted = redactUrlForStatus(
+      'https://:s3cret@proxy.example.com:8080',
+    )
+
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('s3cret')
+    expect(redacted).toBe('https://:redacted@proxy.example.com:8080/')
+  })
+
+  test('removes fragments (may carry tokens)', () => {
+    const redacted = redactUrlForStatus(
+      'https://proxy.example.com:8080/path#top',
+    )
+
+    expect(redacted).toBe('https://proxy.example.com:8080/path')
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('#')
+  })
+
+  test('removes fragment that carries a token-like value', () => {
+    const redacted = redactUrlForStatus(
+      'https://proxy.example.com:8080#access_token=leaked',
+    )
+
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('leaked')
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('#')
+  })
+
+  test('keeps local proxy URLs useful', () => {
+    const redacted = redactUrlForStatus('http://localhost:8888')
+    expect(redacted).toMatch(/^http:\/\/localhost:8888\/?$/)
+  })
+
+  test('keeps non-sensitive query params', () => {
+    const redacted = redactUrlForStatus('http://localhost:8888?model=llama3')
+    expect(redacted).toMatch(/^http:\/\/localhost:8888\/?\?model=llama3$/)
+  })
+
+  test('still redacts creds when the URL is malformed (regex fallback)', () => {
+    // No scheme -> `new URL()` throws; redactUrlForDisplay falls back to a
+    // regex that must still scrub the userinfo.
+    const redacted = redactUrlForStatus('//alice:secret@proxy.example.com:8080')
+
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('alice')
+    expect(redacted).not.toContain('secret')
+    expect(redacted).toContain('redacted')
+  })
+
+  test('returns empty string as-is', () => {
+    expect(redactUrlForStatus('')).toBe('')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('redactPathForStatus', () => {
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await acquireSharedMutationLock('utils/statusRedaction.test.ts')
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    try {
+      // Defensive: tests below mutate env. Restore so subsequent suites see
+      // the real environment.
+      restoreEnvValue('HOME', ORIGINAL_HOME)
+      restoreEnvValue('USERPROFILE', ORIGINAL_USERPROFILE)
+    } finally {
+      releaseSharedMutationLock()
+    }
+  })
+
+  test('shortens POSIX home directory paths to ~', () => {
+    const result = redactPathForStatus(`${REAL_HOMEDIR}/secrets/client.key`)
+    expect(result).toBe('~/secrets/client.key')
+    expect(result).not.toContain(REAL_HOMEDIR)
+  })
+
+  test('handles the home directory exactly', () => {
+    expect(redactPathForStatus(REAL_HOMEDIR)).toBe('~')
+  })
+
+  test('redacts via USERPROFILE when HOME does not match (Windows-style)', () => {
+    // Simulate a Windows path where HOME is unset/irrelevant but
+    // USERPROFILE points at the profile dir. On a POSIX test host
+    // os.homedir() returns the POSIX home and would mask this case,
+    // so unset HOME to prove USERPROFILE is consulted independently.
+    const fakeProfile = 'C:\\Users\\bob'
+    delete process.env.HOME
+    process.env.USERPROFILE = fakeProfile
+    const result = redactPathForStatus(`${fakeProfile}\\secrets\\client.key`)
+    expect(result).toBe('~\\secrets\\client.key')
+    expect(result).not.toContain('bob')
+  })
+
+  test('redacts Windows home paths when path casing differs', () => {
+    const fakeProfile = 'C:\\Users\\Bob'
+    delete process.env.HOME
+    process.env.USERPROFILE = fakeProfile
+    const result = redactPathForStatus('c:\\users\\bob\\secrets\\client.key')
+    expect(result).toBe('~\\secrets\\client.key')
+    expect(result.toLowerCase()).not.toContain('bob')
+  })
+
+  test('falls back to os.homedir() when HOME and USERPROFILE are unset', () => {
+    // Container/sandbox scenario: no env hints, rely on the OS passwd db.
+    delete process.env.HOME
+    delete process.env.USERPROFILE
+    const osHome = homedir()
+    // Skip on hosts where os.homedir() is '/' (filtered out by the helper).
+    if (!osHome || osHome === '/') return
+    const result = redactPathForStatus(`${osHome}/.config/client.key`)
+    expect(result).toBe('~/.config/client.key')
+    expect(result).not.toContain(osHome)
+  })
+
+  test('does not redact a path that merely contains "home" as a segment', () => {
+    // E.g. `/opt/home/backup/ca.crt` — substring match must not trigger.
+    expect(redactPathForStatus('/opt/home/backup/ca.crt')).toBe(
+      '/opt/home/backup/ca.crt',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('leaves non-home absolute paths unchanged', () => {
+    expect(redactPathForStatus('/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt')).toBe(
+      '/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt',
+    )
+  })
+
+  test('returns empty string as-is', () => {
+    expect(redactPathForStatus('')).toBe('')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/utils/statusRedaction.ts b/src/utils/statusRedaction.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be3cce4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/statusRedaction.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { homedir } from 'os'
+
+import { redactUrlForDisplay } from './urlRedaction.js'
+
+/**
+ * Redact a URL for /status and other public-safe diagnostic surfaces.
+ *
+ * Wraps {@link redactUrlForDisplay} (which masks user/password and sensitive
+ * query params) and additionally drops the fragment, which can carry tokens
+ * or session IDs and is not useful when debugging proxy/TLS issues.
+ *
+ * Returned URLs are safe to paste in public issues or screenshots.
+ */
+export function redactUrlForStatus(rawUrl: string): string {
+  if (!rawUrl) return rawUrl
+
+  const redacted = redactUrlForDisplay(rawUrl)
+
+  // Drop the fragment. On the well-formed path (new URL succeeded) the
+  // produced string contains at most one '#', which is the fragment
+  // delimiter. On the malformed/regex-fallback path there is normally no
+  // '#' (userinfo containing '#' broke URL parsing and the regex consumed
+  // it); slicing at a stray '#' there would only shorten already-safe
+  // output, never expose a secret.
+  const hashIndex = redacted.indexOf('#')
+  return hashIndex === -1 ? redacted : redacted.slice(0, hashIndex)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Redact a filesystem path for /status and other public-safe diagnostic
+ * surfaces. Replaces a leading $HOME segment with `~` so absolute paths
+ * (e.g. mTLS cert/key, CA bundle) stay useful without leaking usernames
+ * or home directory layout.
+ */
+export function redactPathForStatus(rawPath: string): string {
+  if (!rawPath) return rawPath
+
+  const stripTrailingSep = (path: string) => path.replace(/[\\/]+$/, '')
+  const isWindowsLike = (path: string) =>
+    /^[a-zA-Z]:[\\/]/.test(path) || path.includes('\\')
+  const normalizeForCompare = (path: string) =>
+    isWindowsLike(path) ? path.toLowerCase() : path
+  const normalizedRawPath = stripTrailingSep(rawPath)
+  const rawPathForCompare = normalizeForCompare(normalizedRawPath)
+
+  // Cover POSIX (`HOME`), Windows (`USERPROFILE`), and containers where
+  // neither is set (`os.homedir()` reads the OS passwd db). Check each
+  // candidate; redact on the first prefix match. Filter out root-like
+  // candidates so a misconfigured homedir never causes mass over-redaction.
+  const candidates = [
+    process.env.HOME,
+    process.env.USERPROFILE,
+    homedir(),
+  ]
+    .filter((h): h is string => Boolean(h))
+    .map(stripTrailingSep)
+    .filter(home => home !== '' && home !== '/' && !/^[a-zA-Z]:$/.test(home))
+
+  for (const home of candidates) {
+    const homeForCompare = normalizeForCompare(home)
+    if (rawPathForCompare === homeForCompare) return '~'
+    // Match either `/home/user/...` or `C:\Users\user\...` style prefixes.
+    if (
+      rawPathForCompare.startsWith(homeForCompare + '/') ||
+      rawPathForCompare.startsWith(homeForCompare + '\\')
+    ) {
+      return '~' + rawPath.slice(home.length)
+    }
+  }
+  return rawPath
+}